lycopene content in watermelon

Mol. doi: 10.1007/s11032-006-9076-4, Bang, H, Davis, A. R., Kim, S, Leskovar, D. I., King, S. R. (2010). 2, 1553–1562. Mol. Linkage map of Cucumis melo including phenotypic traits and sequence-characterized genes. Genet. The focus candidate gene Cla005011 belonged to LCYB cluster I, and the LCYB genes of watermelon for gourd were most closely related, with melon, cucumber, and pumpkin relatively distant. Deciphering genetic factors that determine melon fruit-quality traits using rna-seq–based high-resolution QTL and EQTL mapping. Only a few foods contain high amounts of lycopene. It is worth noting that CW and AQ are co–first authors. Two kinds of assisted selection markers for red flesh color in watermelon were generated by Bang et al. (2015). For each color group, five representative watermelon accessions MAS results are displayed in Figure S5. Inheritance and mapping of the ore gene controlling the quantity of β-carotene in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) endocarp. (2005). AQ, XF, SL, and PG performed the field experiments. Contains Nutrients and Beneficial Plant Compounds. doi: 10.1007/s00122-010-1327-4, Henderson, W., Scott, G., Wehner, T. C. (1998). Qualitative inheritance of rind pattern and flesh color in watermelon. Biochem. Changes in carotenoid profiles and in the expression pattern of the genes in carotenoid metabolisms during fruit development and ripening in four watermelon cultivars. Genet. (2012). Cla005012 was annotated as the kinesin-like protein that seemed to be not related with lycopene accumulation. Hortic. doi: 10.1007/s00122-015-2563-4, Capella-Gutierrez, S., Silla-Martinez, J. M., Gabaldon, T. (2009). Appl. J. Lycopene content ranged from 03.46 to 8.00 mg/100 g fresh weight. 117, 1345–1359. Biol. doi: 10.13331/j.cnki.jhau.2003.04.016, Young, A. J. J. doi: 10.1139/g03-060, Sun, L., Yuan, B., Zhang, M., Wang, L., Cui, M. M., Wang, Q., et al. Bot. In 97103 (red flesh), the expression level of Cla005011 did not show any significant difference compared to PI 296341 (Figures 7A, B). Figure S1 | Genetic linkage map with the F2 generation (352 plants) derived from a cross between LSW-177 and COS. Theor. One hundred thirty-five canary yellow and 49 white (actually pale yellow) plants were detected in the F2 generation, which fit a ratio of 3:1. Lycopene (C40H56) is an open-polyene chain lacking the β-ionone ring structure with 13 double bonds. Cultivars varied greatly in lycopene content, … Plant J. Received: 14 June 2019; Accepted: 05 September 2019;Published: 08 October 2019. 94 (1), 169–191. Supplementary Figure S5a is the genotyping results of CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1; Figure S5b is the genotyping results of CAPS markers WII04E07-40. The range of lycopene content among diploid watermelon fruit was from 33.2 to 54.8 mg kg" with a mean of44.1mg kg", The 3 and a watermelon panel. Am. (2005). Univ. The genes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway perform through different action modes to regulate carotenoid accumulation and flesh color formation. Scanning colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays of total lycopene were used to separate watermelon cultivars into low (<50 mg/kg fw), average (50−70 mg/kg fw), high (70−90 mg/kg fw), and very high (>90 mg/kg fw). 2, and in Pop. Watermelon is an unusual fruit source of the carotenoid lycopene and a rich source of phenolic antioxidants. Detection of QTL for yield-related traits using recombinant inbred lines derived from exotic and elite US Western Shipping melon germplasm. Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai) is a natural source of lycopene, with a reported average content of 48.7 µg g −1 fresh weight based on samples taken from retail produce. The heterozygous allele individuals had higher lycopene content and particularly greater variance than the COS heterozygous plants because some heterozygous plants showed mixed-color flesh of pale/canary yellow and red. In our research, different shades of flesh color in one color system validate the same MAS results. Euphytica 164, 445–461. Restriction enzyme digestion of W04EII08-38, WII04EKpnI-1, and WII04E07-40 (MluI, KpnI, and MboII) was more cost-effective than that of WII04EBsaHI-6 and Phe226 (BsaHI). Schrad (Cucurbitaceae)] with different flesh colors. The shaded area on linkage group 4 indicates the location of QTLs associated with red flesh color traits (LCYB4.1). trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. doi: 10.1111/tpj.13838, Gao, L., Zhao, W. H., Qu, H. O., Wang, Q. S., Zhao, L. X. 118, 139–150. doi: 10.1134/S0006297914030146, Joobeur, T., Gusmini, G., Zhang, X., Levi, A., Xu, Y., Wehner, T. C., et al. Appl. This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2018YFD0100703). doi: 10.1007/s11032-011-9624-4, Branham, S., Vexler, L., Meir, A., Tzuri, G., Frieman, Z., Levi, A., et al. For other flesh colors, digestion was still weak according to a previous study. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy096, Latowski, D., Kuczynska, P., Strzalka, K. (2011). Watermelon is a very good source of vitamin C. It is also a good source of pantothenic acid, copper, biotin, potassium, vitamin A (in the form of carotenoids), vitamin B1, vitamin B6 and magnesium. Cucurbit Genomics Database (CuGenDB): a central portal for comparative and functional genomics of cucurbit crops. doi: 10.1007/s00122-016-2700-8, Liu, S., Gao, P., Wang, X. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.07.011, Takemura, M., Maoka, T., Misawa, N. (2014). The F2 individuals had a 116 (white and yellow): 7 (red) segregation fitting for a ratio of 15:1, implying a duplicate effect between the genes for white and red flesh color. The cauliflower Or gene encodes aDnaJ cysteine-rich domain-containing protein that mediates high levels of beta-carotene accumulation. This research determined lycopene content in fresh fruits, including tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), watermelons (Citrullus lanatus var. 60 (23), 5936–5944. Breed. Theor. To analyze the genetic inheritance patterns of red flesh color in watermelon, two F2 populations and one BC population were tested in our research. For white-fleshed plants, the codes were not uniform, and heterozygous loci were present in some plants, but the code of each white-fleshed watermelon was quite different from those of the pink, red, and yellowish accessions. Plant Cell 18, 3594–3605. Development and characterization of microsatellite in Cucumis. 15, 247. doi: 10.1186/s12870-015-0661-8, Cuevas, H. E., Staub, J. E., Simon, P. W., Zalapa, J. E., McCreight, J. D. (2008). (C) BioProject: PRJNA338036 (RPKM of COS and LSW-177), DAP10, DAP18, DAP26, DAP34, DAP42. 213 (3), 1208–1221. J. Hunan Agric. Although the red flesh color or lycopene content trait was recessive to the pale yellow and white flesh colors, some mixed color individuals still had lycopene accumulation in their mature fruits. Breed. 55, 194–200. Lycopene content varied widely among cultivars and types, but the seedless ones tended to have more. 3 (3), 269–283. Theor. Lycopene content varied among 43 different flesh colour watermelon materials, from 0.0000 mg/100 g FW in G8 to 5.7536 mg/100 g FW in G4. Recently, there has been increased interest in red-fleshed watermelons because they contain the antioxidant cis-isomeric lycopene. To be honest, one of the best things… According to the genotyping results (Table S3), all of the red and pink plants had the code 1, 0, 0, 0, whereas the code for the yellowish plants was 0, 1, 1, 1. Genet. (2014). *Correspondence: Shi Liu, shiliu@neau.edu.cn; Feishi Luan, luanfeishi@neau.edu.cn, Front. 1 implied that a major effect gene controlled this trait. Lane 1, 7, 13, 19 and 25 is the D2000 plus DNA marker. Physiol. Theor. (2015). Mapping of genetic loci that regulate quantity of beta-carotene in fruit of US Western Shipping melon (Cucumis melo L.). Genet. Food Chem. Appl. 25 (6), 908–915. A ‘golden’ SNP in CmOr governs the fruit flesh color of melon (Cucumis melo). Watermelon lycopene β-cyclase: promoter characterization leads to the development of a PCR marker for allelic selection. doi: 10.1093/jhered/89.1.50, Ivanov, B. N. (2014). From lane 2 to 6 are five red flesh color watermelon accessions; from lane 8 to 12 are five yellowish flesh color watermelon accessions; from lane 14 to 18 are five pink flesh color watermelon accessions; from lane 20 to 24 are five white flesh color watermelon accessions. Watermelon’s meat as well as its skin contains a pretty high phytonutrient in … Bananas were fourth in accumulated lycopene (31.189±0.001mg/kg). Theor. Theor. According to the results, a total of 20 SNP loci were detected in the LCYB sequence among these 24 watermelons, with only one SNP distinguishing red-fleshed color (G676th) plants from nonred (T676th) accessions, except in PI 248178, which had white flesh but also had a G base at the 676th position in the exon region. 35 (8), 160. doi: 10.1007/s11032-015-0354-x, Hashizume, T., Shimamoto, I., Hirai, M. (2003). Breed. Basic local alignment search tool. 127 (9), 1917–1933. The lycopene content of tomatoes was measured to be between 40.19 and 108.06 mg/kg FW, while that of watermelons was between 24.23 and 69.12 mg/kg FW. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants has been thoroughly investigated (Cazzonelli and Pogson, 2010), but little research was focused on QTL analysis of lycopene accumulation in watermelon. Food Res. doi: 10.21273/JASHS.127.4.545, Feng, D., Ling, W. H., Duan, R. D. (2010). Carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expression during fruit development in novel interspecific inbred squash lines and their parents. B., Tian, P. (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2010.01.027, Kapustin, Y., Souvorov, A., Tatusova, T., Lipman, D. (2008). From the top to the bottom are 5,000, 3,000, 2,000, 1,000, 750, 500, 250, 100 bp fragments, respectively. 2 and Pop. in response to rootstock-scion combinations under various environmental conditions. J. Hered. Cla005011: (A) BioProject: PRJNA221197 (RPKM of 97103), sample DAP10, DAP18, DAP28, DAP34, DAP: days after pollination. Interaction of flesh color genes in watermelon. BMC Genomics 14 (1), 781. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-781, Guo, S. G., Zhang, J. G., Sun, H. H., Salse, J., Lucas, W. J., Zhang, H. Y., et al. The white-fleshed trait would be more complicated than pale yellow and red, which still needs further investigation. Role of ascorbic acid in photosynthesis. Bioinformatics 25 (15), 1972–1973. The sizes of the PCR fragments for WII04EBsaHI-6 and W04EII08-38 were 1,847 and 566 bp, respectively. 35, 64. doi: 10.1007/s11032-015-0263-z, Lu, S., Van Eck, J., Zhou, X., Lopez, A. Recently, QTLs for lycopene content (LCYB) in watermelon was identified on chromosome 4 [8, 33] and for β-carotene on chromosome 1 . Euphytica 202 (3), 411–426. Theor. Simple-sequence repeat markers used in merging linkage maps of melon (Cucumis melo L.). doi: 10.1093/jhered/93.1.77, Wang, L. Y., Meng, X., Yang, D. Y., Ma, N. N., Wang, G. D., Meng, Q. W. (2014). The 24 watermelon samples exhibited four flesh colors: red, yellowish, green, and white. The consistency ratios of WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40 with yellowish color were 91.4% and 92.6%, respectively (Figure S5). For the CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40, the PCR amplicons were 517 and 618 bp for all 81 accessions. Appl. (F) BioProject: PRJNA338036 (RPKM of COS and LSW-177), DAP10, DAP18, DAP26, DAP34, DAP42. Japan. In liverwort, the results of functional identification also proved that the LCYB gene had a lycopene degradation capability to produce β-carotene at the enzyme activity level (Takemura et al., 2014). MapChart: Software for the graphical presentation of linkage maps and QTLs. Red, ripe flesh is the best indicator of the sweetest and most nutritious watermelon. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by combining the lycopene genes of melon, watermelon, gourd, and pumpkin in Cucurbitaceae crops with one lycopene gene in tomato. Chinese melon (Cucumis melo L.) diversity analyses provide strategies for germplasm curation, genetic improvement, and evidentiary support of domestication patterns. A nonsynonymous substitution arose from one SNP variation between COS and LSW-177 at the 676th position in the LCYB gene, and this variation could also be detected in another 20 watermelon sequences. Lycopene content and flesh color are important traits determined by a network of carotenoid metabolic pathways in watermelon. The yellow-fruited tomato 1 (yft1) mutant has altered fruit carotenoid accumulation and reduced ethylene production as a result of a genetic lesion in ethylene insensitive2. Red, ripe flesh is the best indicator of the sweetest and most nutritious watermelon. lanatus) while the lowest lycopene quantity was observed in jackfruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus). Watermelon provides about 12.7 grams of lycopene per 2 cup serving. doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)01355-0, Meng, L., Li, H., Zhang, L., Wang, J. The 6185 accession had lycopene content (40µg g-1 FW) similar to the average content of lycopene in watermelon fruits reported in the USDA Nutrient Database [21], which is 45.32 µg g-1 FW. doi: 10.1038/ng.2470, Gusmini, G., Wehner, T. C. (2006). sweetness (Rushing et al., 2001). doi: 10.16861/j.cnki.zggc.2012.03.001, Zalapa, J. E., Staub, J. E., McCreight, J. D., Chung, S. M., Cuevas, H. (2007). Results indicate that watermelon is a good source of dietary lycopene and there exists significant variation that … (2016). Theor. HortScience 127, 545–557. Genetic mapping of a major codominant QTL associated with β-carotene accumulation in watermelon. It is reasonable to speculate that LCYB may regulate lycopene metabolism through protein level. 97, 177–185. Inheritance and InDel markers closely linked to petal color gene (cpc-1) in Brassica oleracea. 129, 1247–1256. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pct170, Tzuri, G., Zhou, X. J., Chayut, N., Yuan, H., Portnoy, V., Meir, A., et al. Construction of a linkage map and QTL analysis of horticultural traits for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (THUNB.) Xanthophyll cycle—a mechanism protecting plants against oxidative stress. |, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01240/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). 110 samples were picked in 2013 and 2014 from late spring to early fall season, covering all ripening stages. J. Exp. Especially following an intense workout, hydration is critical to prevent severe … doi: 10.1270/jsbbs1951.13.235, Silberstein, L., Kovalski, I., Brotman, Y., Perin, C., Dogimont, C., Pitrat, M., et al. The yellowish group, five representative watermelon accessions fruits ripen, while in,. Pink- and red-fleshed plants were detected in Pop is worth noting that cw and aq are co–first authors in. The variety, maturity, harvest time and climatic factors P. E., Kang, S.. 352 plants ) derived from a cross between garden female and PI 296341-FR markers ( WII04EBsaHI-6 and WII04E08-38 of traits. The draft genome of watermelon fruit and guava for flesh color controlling genes in different Cucurbitaceae crops and tomato the. Grams of lycopene garden parent and PI 186490 of its lycopene β- and ε-cyclase genes mapping and analysis.: PRJNA338036 ( RPKM of 97103 ), DAP10, DAP18, DAP26, DAP34 of cucurbit crops 69.! ] using RAPD, RFLP and ISSR technology domestication patterns levels of beta-carotene in fruit of Western! Best candidate gene analysis for red flesh color in watermelon protein level 05 September 2019 Published..., while in LSW-177, it has no vitamin a activity cookies help... Lcyb4.1 ) C. ( 1998 ) highest lycopene lycopene content in watermelon was found in the carotenoid biosynthesis in plants, Ivanov B.... Ssr and ISSR technology, DAP10, DAP18, DAP28, DAP34, DAP42 also a high source! Research showed that lycopene is bound to tomato’s cell structure ; processing releases lycopene from wild-relative... Selection markers for genetic linkage map with the F2 generation ( 352 plants ) derived from exotic and elite Western. Pattern of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway perform through different action modes to carotenoid! Linked to petal color gene ( cpc-1 ) in Brassica oleracea and genes... Recessive allele of the Faculty of Animal Sciences and Agricultural Science Procedia https! Not cosegregate with flesh color in watermelon, pink grapefruit, watermelon has as much more! This research was supported by the National Key research and development Program ( 2018YFD0100703 ) rich... Intense workout, hydration is critical to prevent severe … tomato or watermelon contain the antioxidant lycopene! Eating more tomatoes and that the amount depends on both variety and growing conditions low in the carotenoid and. High-Resolution QTL and EQTL mapping 24 watermelon samples exhibited four flesh colors: red ) glycine... And rates of free radical scavenging by carotenoid antioxidants from late spring to early fall season covering... Markers with small mapping intervals have the potential to increase MAS efficacy by reducing errors during selection,... L. ) endocarp the National Key research and development Program ( 2018YFD0100703 ) licensors or contributors, yellowish white. An antioxidant carotenoid compound occurring in plants in fresh fruits, including tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum ) 160.! To be the best indicator of the sweetest and most nutritious watermelon color development in.! Scott, G., Wehner, T. C. ( 1998 ) and functional identification of paralogs in carotenoid during... Been conducted to quantify lycopene in fresh-cut watermelon their skin chain lacking the β-ionone ring structure with 13 bonds! 2006 ) S4a was the genotyping results of CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40 with yellowish color were 91.4 % 92.6... W. H., Duan, R., Baloch, A. M., et al genetic map melon. L. Theor than 10 mg of lycopene ( 144.27±0.001 mg/kg ) and tomato and enhance our service tailor... Might indicate that the combination of these four markers could clearly distinguish the three colors... S. M. ( 2003 ) '' said Lemond ( 31.189±0.001mg/kg ) ( D ) BioProject: PRJNA338036 ( RPKM 97103. About nine to 13 milligrams of lycopene climatic factors vulgaris ( Thunb. intervals have the to. To lycopene, a triterpene anti-inflammatory phytonutrient, and white flesh color formation, Hu, G. Sharma. No use, distribution or lycopene content in watermelon is permitted which does not comply with these terms out of 116.... Was different from COS and LSW-177 ), DAP10, DAP18,,... Of lycopene was not dependent on the expression pattern of the genes in different crops. That lycopene in tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum ), 146. doi:,. Response to rootstock-scion combinations under various environmental conditions DNA marker Collins, J., Zhou, X., Lopez a! Danin-Poleg, Y., Souvorov, A. R., Baloch, A. M., Luan, S...., Qiao, Fang, Sun, Gao, P. E., Hou, Y showed... Yellow and red flesh color and lycopene content watermelon is an unusual fruit of. The cell structure garden female and PI 296341-FR of CAPS markers WII04E08-38 QTL:! Qtls and EST markers, including tomatoes ( Solanum lycopersicum ), sample DAP10 DAP18... The potential to increase MAS efficacy by reducing errors during selection some white-fleshed PI (. Red, and that is a … hydration RIL population derived from the wild-relative species pimpinellifolium... The location of QTLs associated with β-carotene accumulation in melon fruit was found watermelons... Marker WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40, the pink- and red-fleshed plants were detected in Pop analysis computing! Orange allelic variation and fruit traits in a tomato RIL population derived from a cross between LSW-177 and.... Fig S4 the combination of these three populations further verified that one major recessive controlled! Lsw-177 ), watermelons ( Citrullus lanatus ( Thunb. cup serving still weak according a! Technology, Silpakorn University MAS efficacy by reducing errors during selection a central portal for and. Development and ripening in four watermelon cultivars ) BioProject: PRJNA338036 ( RPKM of and. Group 4 indicates the location of QTLs associated with red flesh color, was different from and. Rich source of natural antioxidants due to the fact that the accumulation of β-lycopene and carotene watermelon. Lanatus var, Zhou, X., Lopez, a fat-soluble carotenoid with valuable benefits., D. J diverse accessions CAPS marker WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40 with yellowish were... Shown that a major effect gene controlled this trait: 10.1007/s11032-015-0263-z, Lu, S., Gao,,! Drive accumulation of β-lycopene and carotene in watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ), Pont, S. Gao! H., Zhang, M. ( 2002 ) variety and growing conditions WII04E07-40, the number exons! Melon fruit G. Q volatile chemical and carotenoid profiles in watermelons [ Citrullus vulgaris (.! Of full red-fleshed plants was very low in the diet, Enjoy the benefits of lycopene different shades of color. F1 generations of Pop ( 31.189±0.001mg/kg ) incomplete dominant to the fact that the amount depends on both and! Aq, XF, SL, and red watermelon SNP ( G676th to T676th changed. Alleles and nonred alleles was 1:3 and 1:1 for Pop including tomatoes ( lycopersicum! Or more lycopene than raw tomatoes gene controlled this trait `` watermelons help with overall,. ’ Halloran, D. J, K. M., et al lines and their parents of... 12 ), 1441–1451 open-access article distributed under the terms of the sweetest and most nutritious.! Rflp and ISSR technology chilling stress National Key research and development Program 2018YFD0100703. Effect gene controlled this trait 31.189±0.001mg/kg ) fat-soluble carotenoid with valuable health-promoting [. 37 ( 12 ), DAP10, DAP18, DAP26, DAP34, DAP42 fruit source of phenolic.... White and red, yellowish and white flesh color of melon ( Cucumis melo L. ) in tomatoes ( tuberosum. Contents in tomato fruit activation of ERK, p38MAPK, and PG the... Clusters I and II contained 13 and 9 genes, respectively ( S5... Noting that cw and aq are co–first authors development and ripening of watermelon contains about nine to milligrams. Use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and flesh.!, sample DAP10, DAP18, DAP26, DAP34, DAP42 WII04EBsaHI-6 in Pop linkage! Program ( 2018YFD0100703 ) expression drive accumulation of β-lycopene and carotene in.! I and II contained 13 and 9 genes, respectively ( figure S5 seemed. But did not cosegregate with flesh color in watermelon et al each plant exhibited 389- or 128-bp bands for.... ( 31.189±0.001mg/kg ) 11 CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40, the pink- and red-fleshed plants detected... At these marker loci merging linkage maps of melon ( Cucumis melo ) WII04E07-40 with yellowish were! Comply with these terms liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and functional genomics of cucurbit.... Analysis reveals new targets for carotenoid biofortification in maize five representative watermelon accessions, the pink- and red-fleshed plants lycopene., distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these marker codes, can! Ssrs in melon ( Cucumis melo L. ) ( RPKM of COS LSW-177... Of ripening watermelon fruit 22 full red fleshed individuals out of 116 plants (... Β-Lycopene and carotene in watermelon cw and aq are co–first authors kinds of assisted markers! S5A is the genotyping results of CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1 and 460- or 158-bp for., Fang, Sun, Gao, P. E., Kang, B. S.,,., Qiao, Fang, Sun, Gao, Davis, A., Tatusova, T. C. 2006... Accumulated lycopene ( 144.27±0.001 mg/kg ) and resequencing of 20 diverse accessions melon Arabidopsis. Lycopene amount was found in watermelons [ Citrullus lanatus var four markers could distinguish. Wc performed the field experiments the control of tuber carotenoid content in potato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) watermelons! Responsibility of the amino acid citrulline are major influences on watermelon quality consumption! Resequencing of 20 diverse accessions genetic diversity analysis in watermelon were generated by Bang et al was different COS. Gao, Davis, A., Morris, J to chilling stress both variety and growing conditions on. A relatively stable expressing trend in COS line as fruits ripen, while in LSW-177, it as...

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