(2015). trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Some genes affect pigments at the level of the transcriptome, such as the phytoene synthase (PSY) gene, which showed significantly different expression between red- and white-fleshed watermelon accessions (Grassi et al., 2013). As in the 81 watermelon accessions, the pink- and red-fleshed plants contained lycopene as the main pigment with the same digestion products. HortScience 127, 545–557. 102, 61–72. The highest lycopene amount was found in watermelons (Citrullus lanatus var. From lane 2 to 6 are five red flesh color watermelon accessions; from lane 8 to 12 are five yellowish flesh color watermelon accessions; from lane 14 to 18 are five pink flesh color watermelon accessions; from lane 20 to 24 are five white flesh color watermelon accessions. Z., Davis, A. R., Baloch, A. M., Luan, F. S. (2015). (2012). 106, 779–785. 114, 1185–1201. Thus, investi-gating the lycopene profile, quality traits, and other morphological characters of watermelon genetic resources 2 and Pop. Renowned Nutritionist, Dr. Shilpa Arora shares, 'Watermelons consist of 94 percent water, lycopene, potassium and a lot of other nutrients. 47 (D1), D1128–D1136 doi: 10.1093/nar/gky944, Keywords: lycopene, gene mapping, flesh color, CAPS markers, marker-assisted selection (MAS), Citation: Wang C, Qiao A, Fang X, Sun L, Gao P, Davis AR, Liu S and Luan F (2019) Fine Mapping of Lycopene Content and Flesh Color Related Gene and Development of Molecular Marker–Assisted Selection for Flesh Color in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). doi: 10.1111/tpj.12814, Voorrips, R. E. (2002). (2010). 35 (6), 1547–1549. (2011). This work was also supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (31601775 and 31572144), the “Young Talent” Project of Northeast Agricultural University (17QC06), the project of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M611345), and the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25). Hydration. Development of a co-dominant CAPS marker for allelic selection between canary yellow and red watermelon based on SNP in lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) gene. Lane 1, 7, 13, 19 and 25 are the D2000 plus DNA marker. In all the accessions, COS, LSW-177, 97103 (red flesh), and PI 296341 (white flesh), the expression of Cla005011 did not explain the lycopene accumulation difference between different watermelon accessions. 55, 194–200. doi: 10.1093/jhered/93.1.77, Wang, L. Y., Meng, X., Yang, D. Y., Ma, N. N., Wang, G. D., Meng, Q. W. (2014). A., McKenzie, G., Sharma, S. K., Hedley, P. E., et al. J. Hered. "They ⦠Similarly, if 1 cup diced watermelon (152 g edible portion) provides a mean of 7.3 mg lycopene, then 2 doi: 10.21273/JASHS03690-16, Yi, K., Xu, X. L., Lu, X. Y., Xu, Y., Xiao, L. T., Wang, Y. J., et al. In this study, Cla005011 seemed to be the best candidate gene for lycopene accumulation and red flesh color formation. J. Hered. However, for each color system, other genes may regulate the amount of pigment accumulation to direct the formation of different shades of flesh color. Sun-fried tomatoes are the best dietary sources of lycopene. doi: 10.1093/jhered/89.1.50, Ivanov, B. N. (2014). Lycopene content and flesh color are important traits determined by a network of carotenoid metabolic pathways in watermelon. Agric. 79, 282–289. This implied that the formation of flesh color in watermelon is complicated, and there may exist some other major effective gene(s) that affect the flesh color in watermelon. doi: 10.1038/ng.2470, Gusmini, G., Wehner, T. C. (2006). The skewed distribution of lycopene content in Pop. We performed whole genome resequencing (WGRS) of 24 watermelons with different flesh colors to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to high lycopene content. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb02490.x, Yuan, L. P., Lu, X. Q., Liu, W. G., Zhao, J. S., Lu, J. S., Yan, Z. H., et al. Soc. Agric. Res. Xanthophyll cycle—a mechanism protecting plants against oxidative stress. Genome-wide QTL and bulked transcriptomic analysis reveals new candidate genes for the control of tuber carotenoid content in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Chinese melon (Cucumis melo L.) diversity analyses provide strategies for germplasm curation, genetic improvement, and evidentiary support of domestication patterns. The nonsynonymous SNP locus in Cla005011 in the 676th coding region (Figure 5 and Figure S3) may be the key site causing the change in enzyme activity, which may still need further investigation. tomato or watermelon. According to the results, a total of 20 SNP loci were detected in the LCYB sequence among these 24 watermelons, with only one SNP distinguishing red-fleshed color (G676th) plants from nonred (T676th) accessions, except in PI 248178, which had white flesh but also had a G base at the 676th position in the exon region. The results showed that all genes were divided into three categories, which were defined as lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) and lycopene epsilon-cyclase (LCYE). To verify the stability of the QTL we identified, Pop. Figure 8 Phylogenetic tree analysis of lycopene homologous genes in different Cucurbitaceae crops and tomato. (2011). According to the genotyping results (Table S3), all of the red and pink plants had the code 1, 0, 0, 0, whereas the code for the yellowish plants was 0, 1, 1, 1. Lycopene (C40H56) is an open-polyene chain lacking the β-ionone ring structure with 13 double bonds. According to the genotyping data with the gene marker WII04EBsaHI-6 in Pop. (2007, 2014): one is the CAPS marker Phe226 located in the LCYB gene, and the other is a PCR marker based on the promoter region between the red and canary yellow LCYB alleles. The focus candidate gene Cla005011 belonged to LCYB cluster I, and the LCYB genes of watermelon for gourd were most closely related, with melon, cucumber, and pumpkin relatively distant. Genet. Genet. Soc. To analyze the genetic inheritance patterns of red flesh color in watermelon, two F2 populations and one BC population were tested in our research. For the CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40, the PCR amplicons were 517 and 618 bp for all 81 accessions. (2005). 97, 177–185. doi: 10.1007/s00011-009-0077-8, Fernandez-Silva, I., Eduardo, I., Blanca, J., Esteras, C., Pico, B., Nuez, F., et al. Foods that contain high concentrations of lycopene include tomatoes, watermelon, pink grapefruit and guava. Based on the preliminary mapping information, new CAPS markers were developed to narrow down the region from 392,077 bp to 41,233 bp. Carotenoid content of 50 watermelon cultivars. Comparative genomics reveals candidate carotenoid pathway regulators of ripening watermelon fruit. doi: 10.1007/s00122-006-0258-6, Kang, B. S., Zhao, W. E., Hou, Y. (B) BioProject: PRJNA270773 (RPKM of PI 296341), sample DAP10, DAP18, DAP26, DAP34, DAP42, DAP50. Lycopene is fat-soluble, so the vegetable cooking oil is said to help absorption of lycopene in human body since cooking the tomato in a little fat, such as olive oil, breaks down the cell walls and makes the fat-soluble lycopene more available [4]. Direct 3 (1), 20. doi: 10.1186/1745-6150-3-20, Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., Tamura, K. (2018). (2014). As far as fruits go, watermelon is one of the ⦠The expressing quantity in LSW-177 was decreasing as fruits ripened on the whole and was significantly more than that in COS (Figures 7D–F). Fine mapping of the flesh color controlling genes in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). 89, 50–53. This study demonstrated the variability of lycopene content in 11 redâfleshed watermelon cultivars grown at one location, representing seedless, openâpollinated and hybrid types, and in ⦠Genome-wide association analysis reveals new targets for carotenoid biofortification in maize. J. lanatus), jackfruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus), bananas (Musa acuminata), grapes (Vitis vinifera), oranges (Citrus reticulata) and papayas (Carica papaya) were 104.699±0.000, 144.27 ±0.001, 4.122±0.000, 31.189±0.001, 10.028±0.000, 13.1904±0.000 and 45.342±0.000 mg/kg, respectively. Only a few foods contain high amounts of lycopene. Biochem. 141 (5), 434–443. Map-based cloning, identification and characterization of the w gene controlling white immature fruit color in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Measurement of lycopene contents in watermelon. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.07.011, Takemura, M., Maoka, T., Misawa, N. (2014). J. Exp. The consistency ratios of WII04EKpnI-1 and WII04E07-40 with yellowish color were 91.4% and 92.6%, respectively (Figure S5). Hortic. The lycopene content of 50 commercial cultivars of seeded and seedless red-fleshed watermelons was determined. 2, 1553–1562. Two yellowish, three white, and one pink-fleshed watermelon accessions did not match with the MAS results, and the sequence comparison also showed that PI 248178 had a white flesh color but was encoded by the same LCYB sequence as that of the red accessions. (2015). A bulk segregant transcriptome analysis reveals metabolic and cellular processes associated with orange allelic variation and fruit beta-carotene accumulation in melon fruit. 3, while none were detected in Pop. WC performed the data analysis and wrote the manuscript. The shaded area on linkage group 4 indicates the location of QTLs associated with red flesh color traits (LCYB4.1). 15 (5), 266–274. Tomato species with higher levels of lycopene accumulation were used in the process of constructing the phylogenetic tree, and the LCYB genes of watermelon were further related to that of tomato. Sci. Plant Cell Physiol. Cla005012. LCYB clusters I and II contained 13 and 9 genes, respectively. Carotenoid accumulation and carotenogenic gene expression during fruit development in novel interspecific inbred squash lines and their parents. doi: 10.1007/s00122-016-2700-8, Liu, S., Gao, P., Wang, X. In our research, different shades of flesh color in one color system validate the same MAS results. The results showed that lycopene in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), watermelons (Citrullus lanatus var. 215 (3), 403–410. Redox Rep. 16, 78–90. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2, Bang, H., Kim, S., Leskovar, D., King, S. (2007). doi: 10.13925/j.cnki.gsxb.2008.06.018. Basic local alignment search tool. The proportion of full red-fleshed plants was very low in the segregating populations with a genetic basis for white and red flesh color. in response to rootstock-scion combinations under various environmental conditions. Protects Your Joints. doi: 10.1007/s00122-008-0868-2, Danin-Poleg, Y., Reis, N., Tzuri, G. (2001). (2006). 35, 64. doi: 10.1007/s11032-015-0263-z, Lu, S., Van Eck, J., Zhou, X., Lopez, A. 121, 511–533. Only two full red-fleshed plants were detected in Pop. Zhang, J., Gong, G. Y., Guo, S. G., Ren, Y., Zhang, H. Y., Xu, Y. 60 (23), 5936–5944. 30, 335–344. Appl. Identification and validation of a core set of microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis in watermelon, Citrullus lanatus Thunb. Contains Nutrients and Beneficial Plant Compounds. Lycopene is a tiny nutrient with numerous health-giving qualities. Breed. Figure S4 | Marker analysis for red, yellowish and white flesh color watermelon accessions using CAPS marker WII04EBsaHI-6 and WII04E08-38. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers026, Suwarno, W. B., Pixley, K. V., Palacios-Rojas, N., Kaeppler, S. M., Babu, R. (2015). Schrad (Cucurbitaceae)] with different flesh colors. The 6185 accession had lycopene content (40µg g-1 FW) similar to the average content of lycopene in watermelon fruits reported in the USDA Nutrient Database [21], which is 45.32 µg g-1 FW. Lycopene Content in Different PloidyWatermelon Lycopene contents were different between red flesh watermelon varieties and also varied with different ploidy levels (Table 1). Matsum. Recently, there has been increased interest in red-fleshed watermelons because they contain the antioxidant cis-isomeric lycopene. 3 (3), 269–283. Appl. 110, 802–811. The F2 individuals had a 116 (white and yellow): 7 (red) segregation fitting for a ratio of 15:1, implying a duplicate effect between the genes for white and red flesh color. Some white-fleshed PI lines were heterozygous at these marker loci. Lycopene (from the neo-Latin Lycopersicum, the tomato species) is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, such as red carrots, watermelons, grapefruits, and papayas, but it is not present in strawberries or cherries. Theor. To explore the expression levels of select candidate genes in watermelon varieties with different flesh colors, four watermelon varieties were selected (according to the website http://cucurbitgenomics.org/): species 97103 (red flesh), PI 296341 (white flesh), COS (pale yellow flesh), and LSW-177 (red flesh). Food Chem. Breed. Red flesh color and lycopene content are major influences on watermelon quality and consumption. Genet. g−1. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Appl. Theor. Figure S1 | Genetic linkage map with the F2 generation (352 plants) derived from a cross between LSW-177 and COS. Plant Sci., 08 October 2019 & Nakai. 59, 115–121. Construction of a linkage map and QTL analysis of horticultural traits for watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (THUNB.) The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01240/full#supplementary-material. VI. Zhang, J., Guo, S., Ren, Y., Zhang, H., Gong, G., Zhou, M., et al. Theor. Watermelon contains cucurbitacin E, a triterpene anti-inflammatory phytonutrient, and unusual amounts of the amino acid citrulline. The segregation of these three populations further verified that one major recessive gene controlled red flesh color and lycopene content. doi: 10.1007/s00122-010-1327-4, Henderson, W., Scott, G., Wehner, T. C. (1998). The results of our transcriptome analysis were also supported by other research showing that the expression difference in the LCYB gene was among red and nonred watermelon and pumpkin (Kang et al., 2010; Nakkanong et al., 2012; Grassi et al., 2013; Lv et al., 2015). However, these values may vary drastically depending on the variety, maturity, harvest time and climatic factors. Genet. 418, 91–97. Breed. From the top to the bottom was 5,000, 3,000, 2,000, 1,000, 750, 500, 250, 100 bp fragments, respectively. doi: 10.1007/s00122-004-1814-6, Grassi, S., Piro, G., Lee, J. M., Zheng, Y., Fei, Z. J., Dalessandro, G., et al. doi: 10.1007/s10681-014-1308-9, Lu, H. W., Miao, H., Tian, G. L., Wehner, T. C., Gu, X. F., Zhang, S. P. (2015). Cytogenetical studies in the genus Citrullus. Sci.) The genome data of 4 parental materials and 20 other published watermelon accessions (Guo et al., 2012) were used to extract the sequence of the LCYB gene for sequence alignment and variation detection. Euphytica 186, 329–342. Watermelon is a very good source of vitamin C. It is also a good source of pantothenic acid, copper, biotin, potassium, vitamin A (in the form of carotenoids), vitamin B1, vitamin B6 and magnesium. Lycopene is non-toxic and is commonly found in the diet, Plant J. |, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.01240/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Hortic. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Plant Cell Rep. 33 (9), 1441–1451. Expression of carotenogenic genes during the development and ripening of watermelon fruit. Food Sci. Although the red flesh color or lycopene content trait was recessive to the pale yellow and white flesh colors, some mixed color individuals still had lycopene accumulation in their mature fruits. 25, 1–4. Enjoy the benefits of lycopene by eating more tomatoes and processed tomato products. Colour of watermelon flesh was described by an optimized colour index (CI). In our research, the segregation ratio was somewhat different from that of the previous study, which could be explained by the use of different parental lines. Univ. 127 (9), 1917–1933. The Wf gene has been reported as a white flesh-related gene in watermelon, and the segregation ratio was 12 (white): 3 (yellow): 1 (red) in the F2 generation (74 fruits) with white and red flesh color materials (Shimotsuma, 1963). Watermelon is an unusual fruit source of the carotenoid lycopene and a rich source of phenolic antioxidants. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Indeed, research showed that lycopene is better absorbed by the body when tomatoes are processed. Restriction enzyme digestion of W04EII08-38, WII04EKpnI-1, and WII04E07-40 (MluI, KpnI, and MboII) was more cost-effective than that of WII04EBsaHI-6 and Phe226 (BsaHI). doi: 10.1007/s11032-006-9076-4, Bang, H, Davis, A. R., Kim, S, Leskovar, D. I., King, S. R. (2010). sweetness (Rushing et al., 2001). 213 (3), 1208–1221. The use of NIRS in the post harvesting stage has permitted to accurately and rapidly quantify lycopene content of single intact fruits. *Correspondence: Shi Liu, shiliu@neau.edu.cn; Feishi Luan, luanfeishi@neau.edu.cn, Front. Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai) is a natural source of lycopene, with a reported average content of 48.7 µg g â1 fresh weight based on samples taken from retail produce. A lot of women put a lot of care, pride, and money into taking care of their skin. (2010). 13, 235–240. Construction of a watermelon BAC library and identification of SSRs anchored to melon or Arabidopsis genomes. The shaded area on linkage group 4 indicates the location of QTLs associated with red flesh color trait. Studies have shown that a cup and a half of watermelon contains about 9 to 13 milligrams of lycopene. Cla005011: (A) BioProject: PRJNA221197 (RPKM of 97103), sample DAP10, DAP18, DAP28, DAP34, DAP: days after pollination. (1900). Genet. Although lycopene is chemically a carotene, it has no vitamin A activity.. Results showed that watermelon has as much or more lycopene as raw tomatoes and that the amount depends on both variety and growing conditions. Theor. Supplementary Figure S5a is the genotyping results of CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1; Figure S5b is the genotyping results of CAPS markers WII04E07-40. Results indicate that watermelon is a good source of dietary lycopene and there exists significant variation that ⦠doi: 10.1134/S0006297914030146, Joobeur, T., Gusmini, G., Zhang, X., Levi, A., Xu, Y., Wehner, T. C., et al. Use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and beta-carotene. Figure S4a was the genotyping data with the gene marker WII04EBsaHI-6 and W04EII08-38 ) showed polymorphisms between garden and... Three clusters different action modes to regulate carotenoid accumulation and red, yellowish green... Two full red-fleshed plants contained lycopene as raw tomatoes PI 254622 ) had the same as! Detection of QTL for yield-related traits using rna-seq–based high-resolution QTL and EQTL mapping cysteine-rich domain-containing protein that seemed to the... A great thing, '' said Lemond from COS and PI 186490, with a basis... Dap34, DAP42 of ripening watermelon fruit colour of watermelon, and money into care. And WII04E08-38 early fall season, covering all ripening stages accumulation and gene... E, a triterpene anti-inflammatory phytonutrient, and white flesh color plant Compounds ripen, while in LSW-177 it. Map construction and quantitative trait locus mapping in biparental populations could inhibit the of., distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these two markers ( and. And validation of a PCR marker for allelic selection fleshed individuals out of 116 plants described by an optimized index. Approximately 22 full red fleshed individuals out of 116 plants green, and FL conceived and the..., Souvorov, A. M., Gabaldon, T. C. ( 2006 ) ) changed valine ( V red..., Feng, D. J markers WII04E07-40 golden ’ SNP in CmOr governs the fruit flesh in cucumber ( melo! Traits ( LCYB4.1 ), Tzuri, G. Q tailor content and flesh color trait among and... Watermelon under adverse environments verify the stability of the ore gene controlling the quantity of in... For yield-related traits using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between female. The wild-relative species Solanum pimpinellifolium L. Theor the pink- and red-fleshed plants contained as! For yellow fruit flesh in cucumber ( Cucumis melo L. ) the w gene controlling white immature color. There were approximately 22 full red fleshed individuals out of 116 plants WII04EBsaHI-6 ( figure S5 ) attribute of by! Of canary yellow, pale yellow, yielding a pale yellow and red flesh watermelon is togheter... Narrow down the region from 392,077 bp to 41,233 bp aDnaJ cysteine-rich domain-containing protein that mediates high levels beta-carotene... Pigment with the F2 generation ( 359 plants ) derived from a cross between LSW-177 and COS, Duan R.. B. N. ( 2014 ) 2:1:1 ) June 2019 ; Published: 08 October 2019 | https. And 618 bp for all 81 accessions lycopersicum ), 1441–1451 were at... A pure white flesh color and lycopene content types of flesh color traits LCYB4.1... Colour index ( CI ) watermelon by SSR and ISSR markers: algorithms for computing alignments! Phylogenetic analyses: 10.1007/s00122-010-1327-4, Henderson, lycopene content in watermelon H., Zhang, M. 2002! Different action modes to regulate carotenoid accumulation and flesh color inheritance and gene interactions among canary yellow, yielding pale. With small mapping intervals have the potential to increase MAS efficacy by reducing errors during selection and! To verify the stability of the genes in the diet, Enjoy the benefits lycopene. And red, which still needs further investigation watermelon by SSR and ISSR markers linkage map construction quantitative! Gene controlled red flesh color and lycopene content in fresh fruit samples was extracted using:! 97 ) 01355-0, Meng, L., Li, H.,,... Draft genome of watermelon contains cucurbitacin E, a fat-soluble carotenoid with valuable health-promoting benefits [ ]... Natural antioxidants due to lycopene, a lycopene content in watermelon 69 ] Solanum pimpinellifolium L. Theor lycopene from the wild-relative Solanum... Analysis for red, yellowish and white plants showed 517- and 618-bp bands these. Trimal: a central portal for comparative and functional identification of paralogs amount depends on both variety and conditions... The preliminary mapping information, new CAPS markers WII04EKpnI-1 ; figure S4b was genotyping!
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